antagonists/agonists/isometric/isotonic/fixator muscles/origins/insertions

an antagonist is where the muscle lengthens/relaxes in the event of a muscular contraction, for example the upwards phase of a leg curl, the bicep femoris is relaxed.

this is where the agonist comes in- this is where the  muscle shortens in the event of a muscular contraction for example the leg curl the rectus femoris shortens, making it the agonist

the rectus femoris and biceps femoris work accordingly in the upwards phase of the leg curl, one being the agonist and one being the antagonist.

the fixator muscles are the muscles which hold the muscles controlling the movement together by contracting. for example in the upwards phase of a bicep curl whereby the bicep femoris is flexing, the latissimus dorsi, trapezius, and pectorals major contracting, holding the movement together.

the origin of a muscle is the part of the muscle which remains fixed during contraction-it doesn't move.usually at the top of the muscle. the insertion of a muscle is the part which tends to move towards the origin during contraction. usually at the bottom of the muscle

an isometric contraction is where there is no joint movement during a contraction. for example a rugby scrum the shoulder and back muscles (posterior and anterior deltoids, and trapezuis') contract isometrically and the muscle do not shorten or lengthen when contracting.

in an isotonic contraction there are two parts; concentric and exentric. concentric is where the muscle shortens under contraction, for example the upwards phase of the bicep curl in the biceps brachii. exentric is where the muscle lengthens under contraction, for example the downwards phase of the bicep curl, the biceps brachii lengthens through extension at the elbow.

10 MARK ANSWER FOR 'DESCRIBE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE. EXPLAIN HOW AN ACTIVE HEALTHY LIFESTYLE CAN HELP PREVENT CORONARY HEART DISEASE.' 

coronary heart disease has 4 factors; atherosclerosis, angina, artereosclerosis, and a heart attack/cardiac arrest, which all have different characteristics. an active healthy lifestyle can help to prevent these in a variety of ways. through good diet and regular physical activity as well as leading to a stress free life. 

      

atherosclerosis is where the lumen of a coronary artery narrows due to a deposit of cholesterol/blood lipids/triglycerides. this means that more blood pressure is required to maintain blood flow. it can result in restricted blood flow to the heart and even blood clots. It can also result in hypertension which is where blood pressure values rise to 200/120 mm Hg which causes added strain to the heart. a healthy active lifestyle can prevent this by having a balanced diet; with reduced fats and carbohydrates, and increased proteins, vitamins, minerals and fibres.

       

                angina can occur as a result of atherosclerosis. it is where there is a restricted blood flow to the heart and certain areas of the heart muscle wall are deprived of blood. this can cause severe chest pain at any time however it is most noticeable during exercise when heart rate is increased. an active healthy lifestyle can help prevent coronary heart disease and angina. by participating in the daily guidelined exercise times (30 mins 5 times a week). the heart muscle walls will hypertrophy (increase in size) and will have a better capacity to cope with high blood pressure.

                   a heart attack/cardiac arrest is where the heart is starved of oxygen due to a restricted blood flow. Angina can sometimes be a sign of a heart attack occurring in the near future.a heart attack can also be a result of atherosclerosis and artereosclerosis (where arterial walls restrict blood flow due to hardening). it is an intense chest pain an can have effects such as; long term heart tissue damage and even death. a healthy balanced diet, regular participation in physical activity and leading to a stress free life. when stressed blood pressure rises which can enhance the effects of angina, artereosclerosis, atherosclerosis, which are ultimately the main causes of a cardiac arrest/a heart attack.

        conclusively CHD has a range of characteristics which range in effects on the heart. however a balanced active and healthy lifestyle can help to prevent these effects with a stres free life, regular physical activity, and a healthy balanced diet.

surviving ethnic sports UK

THE HIGHLAND GAMES SCOTLAND
celebrations of Scottish and Celtic culture.
a hardy lifestyle in remote and severe conditions
over 50 meetings per year
attracts many locals.
e.g caber toss (long pole)

SHROVETIDE FOOTBALL
located in Ashbourne-Derbyhire , it is a mob game.
survived since medi-eval times 
starts with national anthem and then a battle between upards and downards commences centred on the river henmore.
objective to get ball to a part of the town. 
highly physical with a lot of participants.

CHEESE ROLLING
coopers hill- Gloucestershire.
takes place every spring bank holiday and attracts spectators, media and medics who deal with injury.
involves participants hurling themselves down a hill in order to obtain the rolling cheese.

TAR BARREL BURNING
ottery st mary - Devon.
takes place 5th November every year
involves racing through the town with burning barrels of tar on a pub crawl.

SCHEMA THEORY

schema theory demonstrates how we perform discrete perceptual motor skills. it says that each skilled action we have learned has its own motor programme stored in the LTM
schema is a build up of experiences which can be adapted to meet demands of new situations relavent to a specific motor programme for a skilled action, e.g a forearm shot in tennis- not every shot is identical, but the action is stored in the LTM so it can be performed to a good standard and correctly.

schema theory states that this experience is gathered from 4 areas in two categories;
(demonstrated for a rugby player)
recall schema.(before) (initial conditions+response specification)
initial conditions- relates to when a player has previously experienced a similar situation e.g attacker approaching a deffender
response specification- having the knowledge of knowing what to do in this situation e.g pass dummy dodge or kick

recognition schema (during/after) (knowledge of sensory consequences + knowledge of movement outcome)
sensory consequences- kinaesthesis e.g attacker would know how hard to throw the ball in order to reach the target
knowledge of movement outcome- what the result of the skill is likely to be e.g a dummy would show the defender the wrong way 

skeletal and muscular systems- synovial joints.

Synovial joints 4 main features, these are; the ligament, synovial fluid, articular/hyaline cartilage and the joint capsule. JOINTS AND MUSCLES WORK TOGETHER TO PROVIDE MOVEMENT.
LIGAMENT- strong fibrous tissue connecting bone to bone
SYNOVIAL FLUID- a slippery fluid with the consistency of egg whites contained within the joint captivity. it reduces friction between joint and articular cartilage
JOINT CAPSULE- maintained in the joint, creates synovial fluid.
ARTICULAR/HYALINE CARTILAGE- glassy smooth, spongy, covers the ends of the bones of the joint and absorbs shock for protection.

many synovial joints have a range of characteristics unique to that joint, allowing different movements etc.
PLANES OF MOVEMENT
sagittal plane- goes through front to back dividing the body into left and right halves
transverse plane- imaganery, perpendicular to coronary and sagittal. divides body into inferior and superior parts.
coronary/frontal plane- vertical plane that divides into ventral and dorsal.
THERE ARE FIVE TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS.

ball and socket (HIP AND SHOULDER)
movement allowed here; flexion e.g boxer performing a jab
extension; footballer swinging leg back to kick ball
horizontal flexion e.g discuss thrower bringing arm across body just after let go of discuss
horizontal extension e.g keeper saving a ball which is behing him
rotation
adduction
abduction
circumduction
hip- head of femur articulates with pelvis
shoulder- head of humerus articulates with scapula

hinge (ELBOW KNEE AND ANKLE)
movement allowed here:
flexion- goalkeeper catching ball into his midrift
extension- rugby player kicking a ball
elbow- humerus and ulna
knee-femur and tibia
ankle- calcaneus fibula and tibia
these three joint all use the sagittal plane

pivot/condyloid (radio ulna and spine)
movements allowed here:
pronation- weightlifter lifting a weight to his chest(radio ulna)
supination- boxer performing an uppercut shot(radio ulna)
rotation (at atlas) footballer directing a ball a different way.
radio ulna- radius and ulna articulate with the carpals
spine- between bony processes of each three sections of the spine withing spinal discs.

DISEASES CAN OCCUR IN SYNOVIAL JOINTS DUE TO A VARIETY OF FACTORS; OSTEOPEROSIS, OSTEOARTHRITUS, GROWTH PLATE.

SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS- JOINTS FIBROUS

fibrous joints have no movement, but are the most stable out of three types of joint. an example is the area where the saccrum and coccyx fuse together.

Cartilaginous joints provide more movement than fibrous but still limited! they are stable. they occur in the lumbar spine: in the cervical and thoracic areas.

Synovial joints require alot more explanation.

the skeletal and muscular systems- skeleton

there are two parts to the skeleton: axial, and appendicular

AXIAL- consists of the skull thoracic girdle, and vertabral column, they are normally fixed and do not provide much movement, more protection of vital organd. e.g ribs protect heart+ lungs, dont move much.

APPENDICULAR: consists of shoulder girdle and upper limbs, these bones provide movement and join to the AXIAL skeleton. the humerus is a part of the appendicular skeleton.

LIGAMNETS- elastic tissue that attatches bone to bone e.g femur to pelvis 
TENDONS- strong tissue that attatches skeletal muscle to bone e.g biceps brachii to humerus