surviving ethnic sports UK

THE HIGHLAND GAMES SCOTLAND
celebrations of Scottish and Celtic culture.
a hardy lifestyle in remote and severe conditions
over 50 meetings per year
attracts many locals.
e.g caber toss (long pole)

SHROVETIDE FOOTBALL
located in Ashbourne-Derbyhire , it is a mob game.
survived since medi-eval times 
starts with national anthem and then a battle between upards and downards commences centred on the river henmore.
objective to get ball to a part of the town. 
highly physical with a lot of participants.

CHEESE ROLLING
coopers hill- Gloucestershire.
takes place every spring bank holiday and attracts spectators, media and medics who deal with injury.
involves participants hurling themselves down a hill in order to obtain the rolling cheese.

TAR BARREL BURNING
ottery st mary - Devon.
takes place 5th November every year
involves racing through the town with burning barrels of tar on a pub crawl.

SCHEMA THEORY

schema theory demonstrates how we perform discrete perceptual motor skills. it says that each skilled action we have learned has its own motor programme stored in the LTM
schema is a build up of experiences which can be adapted to meet demands of new situations relavent to a specific motor programme for a skilled action, e.g a forearm shot in tennis- not every shot is identical, but the action is stored in the LTM so it can be performed to a good standard and correctly.

schema theory states that this experience is gathered from 4 areas in two categories;
(demonstrated for a rugby player)
recall schema.(before) (initial conditions+response specification)
initial conditions- relates to when a player has previously experienced a similar situation e.g attacker approaching a deffender
response specification- having the knowledge of knowing what to do in this situation e.g pass dummy dodge or kick

recognition schema (during/after) (knowledge of sensory consequences + knowledge of movement outcome)
sensory consequences- kinaesthesis e.g attacker would know how hard to throw the ball in order to reach the target
knowledge of movement outcome- what the result of the skill is likely to be e.g a dummy would show the defender the wrong way 

skeletal and muscular systems- synovial joints.

Synovial joints 4 main features, these are; the ligament, synovial fluid, articular/hyaline cartilage and the joint capsule. JOINTS AND MUSCLES WORK TOGETHER TO PROVIDE MOVEMENT.
LIGAMENT- strong fibrous tissue connecting bone to bone
SYNOVIAL FLUID- a slippery fluid with the consistency of egg whites contained within the joint captivity. it reduces friction between joint and articular cartilage
JOINT CAPSULE- maintained in the joint, creates synovial fluid.
ARTICULAR/HYALINE CARTILAGE- glassy smooth, spongy, covers the ends of the bones of the joint and absorbs shock for protection.

many synovial joints have a range of characteristics unique to that joint, allowing different movements etc.
PLANES OF MOVEMENT
sagittal plane- goes through front to back dividing the body into left and right halves
transverse plane- imaganery, perpendicular to coronary and sagittal. divides body into inferior and superior parts.
coronary/frontal plane- vertical plane that divides into ventral and dorsal.
THERE ARE FIVE TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS.

ball and socket (HIP AND SHOULDER)
movement allowed here; flexion e.g boxer performing a jab
extension; footballer swinging leg back to kick ball
horizontal flexion e.g discuss thrower bringing arm across body just after let go of discuss
horizontal extension e.g keeper saving a ball which is behing him
rotation
adduction
abduction
circumduction
hip- head of femur articulates with pelvis
shoulder- head of humerus articulates with scapula

hinge (ELBOW KNEE AND ANKLE)
movement allowed here:
flexion- goalkeeper catching ball into his midrift
extension- rugby player kicking a ball
elbow- humerus and ulna
knee-femur and tibia
ankle- calcaneus fibula and tibia
these three joint all use the sagittal plane

pivot/condyloid (radio ulna and spine)
movements allowed here:
pronation- weightlifter lifting a weight to his chest(radio ulna)
supination- boxer performing an uppercut shot(radio ulna)
rotation (at atlas) footballer directing a ball a different way.
radio ulna- radius and ulna articulate with the carpals
spine- between bony processes of each three sections of the spine withing spinal discs.

DISEASES CAN OCCUR IN SYNOVIAL JOINTS DUE TO A VARIETY OF FACTORS; OSTEOPEROSIS, OSTEOARTHRITUS, GROWTH PLATE.

SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS- JOINTS FIBROUS

fibrous joints have no movement, but are the most stable out of three types of joint. an example is the area where the saccrum and coccyx fuse together.

Cartilaginous joints provide more movement than fibrous but still limited! they are stable. they occur in the lumbar spine: in the cervical and thoracic areas.

Synovial joints require alot more explanation.

the skeletal and muscular systems- skeleton

there are two parts to the skeleton: axial, and appendicular

AXIAL- consists of the skull thoracic girdle, and vertabral column, they are normally fixed and do not provide much movement, more protection of vital organd. e.g ribs protect heart+ lungs, dont move much.

APPENDICULAR: consists of shoulder girdle and upper limbs, these bones provide movement and join to the AXIAL skeleton. the humerus is a part of the appendicular skeleton.

LIGAMNETS- elastic tissue that attatches bone to bone e.g femur to pelvis 
TENDONS- strong tissue that attatches skeletal muscle to bone e.g biceps brachii to humerus

anatomy preparation

arteriosclerosis - loss of elasticity, hardening of arteries reduces efficiency to disconsolate/vasoconstrict, effecting BP and vascular shunt mechanism. smoking and aging enhance arteriosclerosis

atherosclerosis- high levels of cholesterol/lipids deposited in arteries causing blockages. lack of blood flows through. fatty plaque.narrowing of the lumen.leads to high BP and hypertension

angina- part of heart muscle wall is o2 deprived during any physical state but especially when excercising. causes intense pain in chest.

heart attack-serious consequences of angina, can cause permanent damage blood clots and blocking of coronary arteries

venous return;
-pocket valves prevent backflow of blood back to the heart
-muscle pump are veins between skeletal muscle which squeeze blood back to the heart when contracting/relaxing
gravity-blood from upper body naturally returns to heart
respiratory pump- breathing becomes faster during excercise so abdomen and thorax pressure changes, increasing pressure in abdomen and squeezing large veins to force blood back to heart
-smooth muscle- muscle in middle layer of vein walls contracts and relaxes helps to pump blood through veins back to heart.

starlings law of heart
-SV dependent on VR. VR increases- SV increases and vice versa

stroke volume values- resting 60-90ml excercising 80-120 (untrained) 160-200 (trained)

cardiac control centre- medula oblongata in brain controls blood distribution through regulating heart. it tells SA node to speed up or slow down depending on rest/physical activity(causing more contraction of pjunkie fibres (systole) or less contractions.. (neural control) (inrtinsic control) (hormonal control)
proprioreceptors tell CCC that activit yhas increased
chemoreceptors tell CCC that lactic acid and co2 has increased
baroreceptors tell CCC that BP has increased

systolic BP- avg resting 120mmHg. occurs when more o2 is needed around the body. reflects ventricular systole. contraction phase.

diastolic BP- avg resting 80mmHg. reflects ventricular distole. relaxation phase.

cardiac output- amount of blood ejeced by heart ventricles in one minute.

hypertension- persistently high blood pressure 140/90 mmHg
hypotension- 90/60 mmHg or less- persistently low BP

PESSCL

PESSCL ( the p.e, school, sport, and club links strategy)

it was launched in October 2002, by the prime minister (government)
its aim was to increase participation of physical activity targeting 5-16 year olds.
initial aim was for a minimum of 2 hours exercise per week in the form of high quality P.E.

in July 2007 an extra £100 million was invested in PESSCL. ;
the aim was then for one hour of sport for each pupil per day in the form of high quality pe and extra curricular activities resulting in a fitter britain and a better sporting nation.
this would initiate;
- inter competitions and competition against other schools.
-more coaches in schools and communities
-a network of competition managers nationally
-a national school sports week whereby sports days etc are completed.
WHAT WILL HAPPEN WITH THE 100 MILLION?
-organisation of competitions
-to fund further sporting opportunities for people in further education
-to experienced coaches to work internally within schools and externally for outside school times; to increase participation.

PESSCL SPORTS STRANDS;
specialist sports colleges
schools sports partnerships (cluster of schools working together to improve sporting opportunities and participation.
gifted and talented (opportunity)
kitemarking (activemark, sportsmark, sports partnership mark)

OSTEOPEROSIS

osteoporosis is a common bone disorder ;
 -caused by low bone density and deterioration of bone tissue.
-it weakens bones making them vulnerable to fractures and brakes
-hip, spine and wrists are most commonly affected.
-mostly associated with old people and post menapausial women.
-a sudden bump or fall in contact/high impact sports to someone affected with osteoporosis could result in serious breakage/fracture.
   RISK TO OSTEOPOROSIS;
-inactivity as a child
-serious injury from young/adolescent age.
 Physical Activity and Osteoporosis;
-PA is important when maintaining healthy bones.
-best way to prevent OP is through a healthy lifestyle in childhood.adolescent years
-peak bone density occurs in early adulthood, a high peak bone density reduces the risk of OP in later life.
-however to much PA as a child could result in serious injury which would counter the effect and maybe lead to osteoporosis in later life.

DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY AND MOTIVATIONAL STRATEGIES

Drive reduction theory; where the performer/ a skill has been learnt well or over learned and has become tedious (boring).

When a new skill is being learned, there is much drive and eagerness to do well and become familiar with it. When the skill is learned, at the autonomous stage, a strong SR bond is formed and habit is formed. (SR bond is the stimulus response bond)

Once the SR bond is strong and the skill is performed autonomously, drive or motivation can decrease, therefore performance decreases/ stays on the same level.

 e.g a rugby player being asked to be the drop goal performer, initially he has a will and drive to practice and perfect it,(and create a strong SR bond) but drive reduction theory may initiate. When the performer gets to a level of kicking whereby he/she is satisfied, or it is effective (and becomes habit), they will not continue to practice and perfect it. This means the level of skill of kicking will decrease or stay the same.

How does it effect a balanced, active, healthy lifestyle?

-         Loss of interest

-         Less participation

-         Level of skill reduced

Teachers/coaches must act.

e.g AUSTRALIA- ‘FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS PROGRAMME’.

-This is where basic motor skills are introduced to primary school kids, which is hoped to give them a better chance for everyone to develop COMPLEX skills in there teenage years, increasing sporting development and success. It will also give a chance for more teengares to part take in sport.

MOTIVATIONAL STRATEGIES

-external – tangible (medal) and intangible (praise) rewards

-extrinsic rewards

-internal- learners having positive feelings about/towards there performances or practice, through goal setting and reinforcement.