skeletal and muscular systems- synovial joints.

Synovial joints 4 main features, these are; the ligament, synovial fluid, articular/hyaline cartilage and the joint capsule. JOINTS AND MUSCLES WORK TOGETHER TO PROVIDE MOVEMENT.
LIGAMENT- strong fibrous tissue connecting bone to bone
SYNOVIAL FLUID- a slippery fluid with the consistency of egg whites contained within the joint captivity. it reduces friction between joint and articular cartilage
JOINT CAPSULE- maintained in the joint, creates synovial fluid.
ARTICULAR/HYALINE CARTILAGE- glassy smooth, spongy, covers the ends of the bones of the joint and absorbs shock for protection.

many synovial joints have a range of characteristics unique to that joint, allowing different movements etc.
PLANES OF MOVEMENT
sagittal plane- goes through front to back dividing the body into left and right halves
transverse plane- imaganery, perpendicular to coronary and sagittal. divides body into inferior and superior parts.
coronary/frontal plane- vertical plane that divides into ventral and dorsal.
THERE ARE FIVE TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS.

ball and socket (HIP AND SHOULDER)
movement allowed here; flexion e.g boxer performing a jab
extension; footballer swinging leg back to kick ball
horizontal flexion e.g discuss thrower bringing arm across body just after let go of discuss
horizontal extension e.g keeper saving a ball which is behing him
rotation
adduction
abduction
circumduction
hip- head of femur articulates with pelvis
shoulder- head of humerus articulates with scapula

hinge (ELBOW KNEE AND ANKLE)
movement allowed here:
flexion- goalkeeper catching ball into his midrift
extension- rugby player kicking a ball
elbow- humerus and ulna
knee-femur and tibia
ankle- calcaneus fibula and tibia
these three joint all use the sagittal plane

pivot/condyloid (radio ulna and spine)
movements allowed here:
pronation- weightlifter lifting a weight to his chest(radio ulna)
supination- boxer performing an uppercut shot(radio ulna)
rotation (at atlas) footballer directing a ball a different way.
radio ulna- radius and ulna articulate with the carpals
spine- between bony processes of each three sections of the spine withing spinal discs.

DISEASES CAN OCCUR IN SYNOVIAL JOINTS DUE TO A VARIETY OF FACTORS; OSTEOPEROSIS, OSTEOARTHRITUS, GROWTH PLATE.